ATP energy carrier mitochondria double membrane - cristae metabolism occurs/ cellular respiration storage tank mitochondria -powerhouse of the cell contract and squeeze out water central vacuole - found in plants break down small enough that it is undetectable autophagy getting rid of old organelles combine with organelle then digests it vacuoles -derived from ER and Golgi Apparatus three types of vacuoles food vacuoleĬentral vacuole food vacuole circular portions of the plasma membrane that capture or encircle food particles when they enter the cell contractile vacuole - found in Protista kingdom made by the Rough ER then transferred to Golgi Apparatus for processing phagocytosis the act of a lysosome merging with material then lytic enzymes digest it work in the acidic enviornment inside lysosome autophagy hydrolytic enzymes - digest substances digest old organells, invaded bacteria, waste cis face and trans face cisternae flat membrane sacks cis face receiving side of Golgi Apparatus towards the Rough ER trans face away from Rough ER exports finalized proteins to different parts in the cell plasma membrane or out of cell Lysosome - hydrolytic enzymes sorts/ packages materials into transport vesicles receives/modifies proteins from Rough ER membrane factory for the cell transport vesicles secretory proteins surrounded by membranes glycoproteins sugar proteins proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates Golgi apparatus - made of cisternae distributes transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus stores calcium ions Rough ER - RNA works its way through to be converted to proteins membrane is continuous with nuclear envelope make proteins that are exported from the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - membrane bound organelle makes proteins used within the cell Bound ribosomes ribosomes bound to the ER or Nuclear Envelope bound ribosomes Free ribosomes ribosomes within the cytoplasm made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins RNA can leave nucleus out of pores nuclear lamina protein layer that lines the inside of the nuclear envelope maintains nucleus shape chromatin DNA associated with proteins DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones for organization Chromosomes When DNA is organized into units condensed chromatin Ribosomes - used for protein synthesis nuclear lamina Nuclear pores - pores in the nuclear envelope single cell dies= organism dies Phospholipids/ Lipids in cells the basic fabric of biological membrane organells have their own specific job to complete for cell survival Nuclear envelope made of a double membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Nucleus - holds the DNA Multicell organisms - more cells= more cell surface evolved 3.8 billion years ago Single cell vs. cytoplasm: cytosol within membrane, including all the organells selectively permeable membrane Prokaryotic Cells Domain Bacteria and Archaea cytoplasm: area within membrane including all organells/ stops at nuclear envelope Ribosomes Eukaryotic Cells Kingdom Protista, fungi, Animalia, plantae Cell Fractionation centrifuge machine break apart cells into their different components Basic cell features Plasma membrane/ Cell membrane
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